by the meltingpot: Tribal

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Indeed, what is at work in the recent return of realism is the revenge of geography in the most old-fashioned sense. In the 18th and 19th centuries, before the arrival of political science as an academic specialty, geography was an honored, if not always formalized, discipline in which politics, culture, and economics were often conceived of in reference to the relief map. Thus, in the Victorian and Edwardian eras, mountains and the men who grow out of them were the first order of reality; ideas, however uplifting, were only the second.
And yet, to embrace geography is not to accept it as an implacable force against which humankind is powerless. Rather, it serves to qualify human freedom and choice with a modest acceptance of fate. This is all the more important today, because rather than eliminating the relevance of geography, globalization is reinforcing it. Mass communications and economic integration are weakening many states, exposing a Hobbesian world of small, fractious regions. Within them, local, ethnic, and religious sources of identity are reasserting themselves, and because they are anchored to specific terrains, they are best explained by reference to geography. Like the faults that determine earthquakes, the political future will be defined by conflict and instability with a similar geographic logic. The upheaval spawned by the ongoing economic crisis is increasing the relevance of geography even further, by weakening social orders and other creations of humankind, leaving the natural frontiers of the globe as the only restraint.
So we, too, need to return to the map, and particularly to what I call the “shatter zones” of Eurasia. We need to reclaim those thinkers who knew the landscape best. And we need to update their theories for the revenge of geography in our time.
Here is the link for the whole write up.

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My view is that relations between countries in the coming decades are most likely to reflect their cultural commitments, their cultural ties and antagonism with other countries rather than other factors. Quite obviously, power will continue to play a central role in global politics, as it always does. But usually there is something else behind conflicts. In the 18th century in Europe, the issues to a large extent involved questions of monarchy versus the emerging republican movements, first in America and then in France. In the 19th century, it involved states identifying themselves through nationalism. In the 20th century, ideology came to the fore, largely, but not exclusively, as a result of the Russian Revolution. We had fascism, communism and liberal democracy competing with each other. Well, that’s pretty much over. Liberal democracy has come to be accepted, in theory at least, around the world, if not always in practice. So the question really is what will be the central focus of global politics in the coming decades? My argument remains that cultural identities, antagonisms and affiliations will not only play a role, but play a major role in relations between states. The full interview is here.

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Every citizen in the City of Richardson will be able to access 756 Kbps of internet connectivity for free, from anywhere in the city. They will be able to access the internet from their homes, schools, restaurants and parks using standard wi-fi connections which are now installed on almost every notebook computer. That is almost as fast as many so-called high speed broadband connections that one pays dearly for today, and several times faster than the various hotspots at your local coffee shops. And I should note that the tax-payers of the City of Richardson are not paying one penny for this, and in fact are going to see additional revenues as a benefit. ... At the beginning of this letter, I suggested that this would be one of the fastest worldwide rollouts of a technology ever seen. It was just 20 years ago that the first cellular systems were being built. The rollout for mesh wireless systems is going to make that look slow. There are several reasons I make this assertion. But they all center on the facts that installing mesh systems will be cheaper and easier than any previous system and the economics in both the developed and especially the developing world will be so radically compelling. Throw in the fact the any astute politician will want to be at the front of this parade (They will all want to say, "I was the man who helped bring free internet to everyone!") and the groundwork is laid for rapid deployment. In Richardson and elsewhere, MeshLinx is offering the basic infrastructure for free. This avoids all the time consuming, political budget battles in the cities. When a service is offered for free, much of the mandated competitive process is eliminated. Next is the low cost of installation of the system. As noted above, Richardson is a city of roughly 100,000 people living in 27.4 square miles. It will "only" cost about $2,000,000 today to lay the wireless blanket I mentioned above. It will cost a great deal less in the future, as MeshLinx is building the pods at a pace of 100 a month today. The maximum output of the US pilot assembly line is 500 a month. When the demand exceeds this (and it will in a very short time) discussions have been held to move volume production to China. Of course, the world will need tens of millions of pods. The cost for a pod will be a fraction of today's cost, with that installation number for a city like Richardson soon being half (or less) the cost of today. What does that $1 or 2 million get you? The infrastructure to be an internet connection, telephone, security, entertainment provider and a whole lot more company. As noted, it will get cheaper as the number of pods being made each month rises, thus lowering their costs dramatically. This technology does have scale. The cost of physically putting up a pod is not a large part of the equation, as you simply need to run a power line, attach a few bolts to a mount on the side of a building or light pole and then off to the next point. Think about the 40,000 homes and businesses in Richardson. If and (hopefully) over time when 10% decide to pay $50 a month for 10-20 Mbps high speed internet access you could see a revenue of $2.5 million a year just from internet access. Now add in all the other income possibilities (phone, entertainment, security and don't forget advertising revenue on the free service!). Think about your town or country. What would service like this be worth? If you are a small city that does not have high speed connections available, how many businesses that could bring jobs do not come your way because they need reliable communications for their work and their employees? If you are in a developing country, where internet access is difficult and expensive, it will open whole new vistas. Couple that with the various programs which want to give cheap laptops to kids in poor countries, and you could see significant social progress in a generation. Here is the link.

Thursday, July 13, 2006

Tribal

Yesterday’s post has served as a trigger for me to go on a thinking spree. Mostly about the present day problems of Manipur. And I find it remarkable that most of the problems have got something to do with ‘tribal’, one way or the other.

I’ve not with me either device or the know- how to establish a theoretical underpinning of the different connotations of the word, tribal. That said, I also think that we cannot depend much on text book knowledge of the problem as it is constantly changing in its form and interpretation vis-à-vis the practical impacts it imparts in the present day political environments.

So, instead I’ll try to illustrate the problem by deducting from real life phenomena.

The Nagas and the Mizos, in fighting a guerilla war with the Indian State for several decades, could not reach that stage where the Indian State was forced to initiate diplomatic overtures to a neighboring country as a part of that conflict. On the hindsight, it might be major weakness of their struggle, which enable the Indian State to isolate and destroying the guerillas on the ground.

But the Manipur’s rebels have just reached that stage. Notice how the likes of Shyam Saran, Natwar Singh and even the president, Mr Kalam dashing to Yangon to embrace the military dictators there. They are giving freebies like construction of roads, satellite earth tower and the latest being the offer (made by Mr Jairam Ramesh) of more than Rs 300 crores for developing waterways there, which, by the way, would make a river in Mizoram navigable all the way to the Bay of Bengal.

Don’t get me wrong here because I’m not singing paeans to the rebels of Manipur. I’m trying to deduct a meaningful interpretation here.

Doesn’t it stand to reason that the Nagas and the Mizos could not do that because they are considered as ‘tribals’ by the Burmese? I know I’m going into the domain of pure conjecture here but still, I think that there is a ring of plausibility in the argument (that’s, my argument!). If you go with me (despite the heavy dose of conjecture), you will notice how a vast difference was made on the ground because of a simple tagging of the word ‘tribal’ to a group pf people.

Back here, the Nagas are saying that they want to form a bigger state with their fellow ‘tribal’ brethrens. Here, the interpretation is that the word ‘tribal’ contains some nation-forming qualities.

Again, they say to Meeteis that they are being considered as ‘tribal’ and they are hugely offended and that leads them to their decision in wanting to integrate with the State of Nagaland. Here, the interpretation is that the word ‘tribal’ have some innate connotations of being inferior.

So many interpretations are there for this word—it makes my head spin!

But the trick should be to wrestle with the interpretation of the word in the context of the emerging notion of 4th World people. We should take notice that even in the middle of Europe the notion of 4th World got acceptance as shown by the recent emergence of independent country of Montenegro, which incidentally have less than 10 lakhs population.

by the meltingpot

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